Mushroom hunting by Dr. Peyvast

برآورد سطح برگ کدو¬ها توسط اندازه¬گیریهای خطی

روشهای دقیق و غیر­مخرب تعیین سطح برگ گیاهان ابزاری مناسب در مطالعات فیزیولوژیکی و اگرونومیکی است. تعیین سطح برگ منفرد گونه­های cucumis مانند Cucumis moschata L. و Cucumis pepo L. (شامل کدو خورشتی، کدوی زینتی و کدو تخم کاغذی) و کدو تنبل (Cucumis maxima L.) دربرگیرنده اندازه­گیری پارامتر­های برگ، مانند طول و عرض برگ یا برخی ترکیبات این پارامتر­ها می­باشد. این تحقیق طی سال 1387 در شرایط مزرعه جهت یافتن معادله­ای برای تخمین سطح برگ کدو­ها انجام شد. بررسی رگرسیون بین سطح برگ و طول و عرض برگ معادلاتی را جهت تعیین سطح برگ کدو­ها ایجاد نمود. رگرسیون خطی دارای عرض برگ به عنوان متغییر وابسته بیشترین دقت را دارا بود. معادله LA = a + bW بیشترین دقت و کارایی محاسبه سطح برگ کدو­ها را دارا بود.

اثر غلظت آمونیوم و مولیبدن در محلول غذایی بر غلظت نیترات در دو رقم خیار گلخانه¬ای

نیترات شکل متداول نیتروژن مورد استفاده گیاهان است اما غلظت بالای آن منجر به ایجاد ترکیبات خطرناک و مضر برای انسان می­شود. از عوامل تاثیر گذار بر غلظت نیترات میزان آمونیم و مولیبدن موجود در محلولهای غذایی است. در این تحقیق اثر سطوح مختلف آمونیوم(0 ، 1/0 و3/0میلی اکی­والان گرم در لیتر) به شکل نیترات آمونیم و مولیبدن (05/0، 1/0، و 15/0 میلیگرم در لیتر) به شکل مولیبدات آمونیم در محلول­های غذایی در دو فصل کشت بهاره و پاییزه بر غلظت نیترات در میوه خیار رقم­های "سلطان" و "روبا-اس" مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طرح به صورت فاکتوریل کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در گلخانه انجام گرفت و در هر فصل کشت دو برداشت برای نمونه گیری صورت گرفت. نتایج تجزیه مرکب نشان داد که غلظت نیترات در گیاهان تغذیه شده به وسیله محلول غذایی حاوی 3/0 میلی اکی والان گرم در لیتر آمونیوم (37/0 درصد در ماده خشک) در مقایسه با گیاهان تغذیه شده با محلول غذایی 1/0 میلی اکی والان گرم در لیتر (4/0 درصد در ماده خشک) کاهش یافت اما کمترین غلظت نیترات در تیمار بدون آمونیوم (25/0 درصد در ماده خشک) به دست آمد. در بین سطوح مختلف مولیبدن نیز بیشترین تجمع نیترات مربوط به 15/0 میلیگرم در لیتر محلول غذایی (38/0 درصد در ماده خشک) می­باشد و بین دو سطح دیگر اختلاف معنی­داری مشاهده نشد. دو رقم از نظر میزان غلظت نیترات اختلاف معنی­داری نداشتند. بین برداشت­های اول و دوم و همچنین دو فصل کشت اختلاف معنی­داری مشاهده شد و در برداشت اول تجمع نیترات کمتری مشاهده شد و همچنین غلظت نیترات در کشت بهاره نسبت به پاییزه کمتر بود.

Three red cabbage variety comparisons and their leaf area estimation from linear measurements

Cabbage is one of the most important and widely grown vegetables in the world. It’s a staple in many people’s diets. However, many red varieties are gaining popularity as part of various pre-packaged salad mixes. The red cabbages used in this study including: Red Dynasty, Red Rookie and Schwarzkopf 2 was similar in measured parameters and in spite of different producer company it’s seem that they have similar parents. Estimation of individual leaf areas was another goal of this research. Accurate and nondestructive methods to determine individual leaf areas of plants are a useful tool in physiological and agronomic research. Determining the individual leaf area (LA) of red cabbage involves measurements of leaf parameters such as length (L) and width (W), or some combinations of these parameters. This study was carried out during 2008 (on three red cabbages) under open field conditions to test whether an equation could be developed to estimate leaf area of red cabbage. Regression analysis of LA vs. L and W revealed several equations that could be used for estimating the area of individual red cabbage leaves. A linear equation having W as the independent variable provided the most accurate estimate of LA. The linear equation (LA = a + bW2) exhibited a high accuracy and precision in estimating LA.

Feasibility Decrease Use of Fertilizer on Greenhouse Cucumber Production in Soilless Culture

In order to evaluate the effect of different substrates on growth, yield and quality of greenhouse cucumber cv. ‘Rubah-R’, two greenhouse experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Faculty of Guilan University in Rasht, Iran (37°16'N), during 2006 and 2007. Four growing media were used in 2006 including peat, perlite, rice-hull and a mixed substrate (perlite and rice-hull 50:50 v/v) and four other substrates such as peat + carbonized rice hull (50:50, v/v), peat + wood chips (50:50, v/v), peat + bark (50:50, v/v), and perlite 100%. Results of 2006 showed that substrates had a significant effect on the plant growth, total fruit yield, marketable fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per m². Furthermore, no significant differences were found between substrates in term of fruit quality parameters such as fruit length, fruit diameter and total soluble solids. Results of 2007 experiment showed that tested substrate (peat + carbonized rice hull (50:50, v/v) (T1), peat + wood chips (50:50, v/v) (T2), peat + bark (50:50, v/v) (T3), and perlite 100%) could affect the most cucumber quality components, but plant elements analysis showed a negative correlation between the different substrates especially between calcium and magnesium. It is also a positive correlation between the roots and cucumber fruits in term of nutrient uptake. The analysis showed also a positive correlation between the calcium amount in root and fruit, but no differences were found between leaves and fruits.

Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Yield and Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The work was conducted at the experimental field of the Agronomic Faculty, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran in 2008. The aim was to study the effect of compost on lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Great Lakes) growth, yield and yield components. No supplementary fertilization was applied until commercial harvest. Results revealed that compost used at 100 Mg. ha^-1 did affect the yield of lettuce which was statistically different from other treatments with the lower compost. The significant differences were also found on plant weight and leaf numbers. In addition to head yield, it was shown that crop maturity was positively affected with compost application. However, Pearson correlation analysis showed that plant weight, leaf number and yield had significant correlation and in fact measure similar characteristics while other measured characteristics do not have significant correlation with other.

Cabbage and broccoli leaf area estimations from linear measurements

Accurate and nondestructive methods to determine individual leaf areas of plants are a useful tool in physiological and agronomic research. Determining the individual leaf area (LA) of Brassicaceae family such as red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. cappitata L. f. rabra ), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. cappitata L. F. alba) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) involves measurements of leaf parameters including: length (L) and width (W), or some combinations of these parameters. This research was carried out during 2008 (on eight cabbage, six broccoli, and three red cabbage genotypes) under open field conditions, to evaluate whether an equation could be developed to estimate leaf area of cabbage and broccoli across genotypes. Regression analysis of LA vs. L and W revealed several equations that could be used for estimating the area of individual cabbage and broccoli leaves. A linear equation having W as the independent variable provided the most accurate estimate of red cabbage and cabbage LA. The linear equation (LA = a + bW2) exhibited a high accuracy and precision in estimating red cabbage and cabbage LA. For broccoli a linear equation having LW as the independent variable provided the most accurate estimate of LA, but doubled the time required for leaf measurement.

Oilseed Rape straw for Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom

Oyster mushroom [Pleurotus ostreatus var. sajor caju (Fr.) Singer] cultivation can play an important role in managing organic waste. It can be cultivated on a wide rang of substrates containing lignin and cellulose. Oyster mushroom was grown on five substrates: Rise straw (Oryza sativa L. var. Alikazemi), Rise straw + Oilseed Rape straw (Brassica napus var. Hyola 401) (75:25 dw /dw), Rise straw + Oilseed Rape straw (50:50 dw /dw), Rise straw + Oilseed Rape straw (25:75 dw /dw) and Oilseed Rape straw alone. Oilseed Rape straw alone and Rise straw + Oilseed Rape straw (25:75 dw /dw) were best for fruit body production of P. ostreatus. Time to fruiting for P. ostreatus was also shorter on Oilseed Rape straw. Protein content of the fruit bodies obtained from Oilseed Rape straw was higher than those from other substrates. Using Oilseed Rape straw as a substrate appears to be suitable for oyster mushroom production.

بررسی امکان جایگزینی کمپوست ضایعات شهری با پیت در تهیه نشاء خیار گلخانه¬ای

به منظور استفاده از کمپوست زباله شهری آزمایشی با پنج بستر کاشت بذر (پیت خالص، 5% کمپوست + 95% پیت، 10% کمپوست + 90% پیت، 15% کمپوست + 85% پیت، 20% کمپوست + 80% پیت) جهت تعیین بهترین بستر نشای خیار (Cucumis sativus L. cv “Radian”) در بهار سال 1387 به صورت طرح کاملاٌ تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که شاخصهای فاصله سطح بستر تا دو برگ کوتیلیدونی، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، ارتفاع ساقه، طول ریشه، نسبت قطر به ارتفاع ساقه، وزن تر و وزن خشک ساقه، وزن تر و وزن خشک ریشه و درصد جوانه زنی بذر در بستر 90% پیت + 10% کمپوست زباله شهری نسبت به سایر بسترها به دلیل تعادل مناسب عناصر غذایی حاصل از کمپوست و هوادهی و تخلخل مناسب حاصل از پیت برتری معنی داری را کسب کند.

Identification and chemical properties of popular wild edible mushrooms from northern Iran

The sponge mushroom (morels), chanterelles, oyster mushroom, Macrolepiota procera, Amanita caesarea and Russula paludosa are the main edible wild mushrooms in northern Iran. Little is known about commercial potential of these mushrooms in this area. In this research we found three genuses of morels including Morchella esculenta, M. delisiosa and M. crassipes. Pleurotus ostreatus grows in all season in mountain regions. The nutritive value of edible wild mushrooms (cantharellus cibarius, pleurotus osteriatus, Macrolepiota procera, Amanita caesarea and Russula paludosa) was determined. The highest mineral contents, dry matter and ash were measured as 8.5, 31.7, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8 mg/kg (dry weight basis), 14% and 2% for P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, dry matter and ash in young Macrolepiota procera cap, mature Amanita caesarea cap, mature Amanita caesarea cap, young Macrolepiota procera cap, young Macrolepiota procera cap, mature A. caesarea stalk and mature Macrolepiota procera stalk respectively.

Effect of Defoliation on the Yield and Quality of Garlic

Garlic is primarily grown for its cloves used mostly as a food flavoring condiment. But many producers in northern Iran cultivated this crop for its leaves to prepare different local dishes. A study of defoliations (0, 1, 2, and 3 times) on garlic (Allium sativum L. `local variety`) during the plant grows was conducted to determine the effect of defoliation on the yield and quality of garlic. Results showed that there were no differences in response for yield reduction, cloves and cormlet by diameter, height, and weight, neck diameter, and dry matter when garlic was defoliated. Defoliation reduced the mean yields by 6, 5.5 and 4.5% in trials 2–4, respectively without significant differences. However Leaves dry matter and plant total weight were affected significantly by treatments. High leaves dry matter was obtained from two times defoliation before cold season (57.75%) and followed by control without any significant differences. Three times defoliation decreased significantly the Garlic total weight and couldn't affect the quality parameters.

Organic Mulching on Carrot Yield and Quality

Mulching can affect temperature in the first 20–30 cm depth in soils. The objectives of this study were to characterize the possibility of using organic based mulches to modify carrot (Daucus carota L.), cv. Forto Royal, plant growth and determine effects on yield and quality. Mulch treatments included rice (Oriza sativa L.) hulls, sawdust (Populus deltoids Bartram ex Marshall var. deltoides) and chopped rice straw. Total yield, root weight, root length and total soluble solids for plants grown with organic mulches were better than the bare soil control. No significant differences were found in plant height, root diameter, inner and outer core diameter, root color, dry matter and ash percentage due to treatment. Although there were differences between treatments not all mulches were better than mulching with some organic materials provided some benefit to root development and yield and is recommended to promote the carrot root development

Lawn Clippings for Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom

Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus var. sajor caju (Fr.) Singer, can be cultivated on a wide variety of substrates containing lignin and cellulose. Oyster mushroom cultivation can play an important role in managing organic waste. Oyster mushroom was grown on five substrates: sedge (Carex remota L.), lawn clippings [mix of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), Ryegrass (Lolium persicum L.), Meadow grass (Poa sinaica L.) and Fescue (Festuca drymeia L.)], rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Alikazemi) straw, rice straw+sedge, (1:1 wet wt /wet wt) and rice straw+lawn clippings (1:1 wet wt /wet wt). Lawn clippings alone and rice straw+lawn clippings were best for fruit body production of P. ostreatus. Time to fruiting for P. ostreatus was also shorter on lawn clippings. The problem of low yield in the second flush appeared to be overcome by incorporating lawn clippings into the substrate. Protein content of the fruit bodies obtained from sedge and sedge+rice straw were higher than those from other substrates. Lawn clippings, used as a substrate appears to be suitable for oyster mushroom production. Additional work is needed to determine if changing the volume of components of the lawn clippings will affect the suitability of the substrate.

Vermicompost as a Soil Supplement to Improve Growth and yield of parsley

Organically based nutrient sources may provide an alternative to synthetic fertilizers to provide nutrition for plants. Vermicomposting may be able to mitigate problems with detrimental microbes, especially thermo-tolerant pathogens in conventional compost. Information is lacking on effects of vermicomposted animal manure on leafy vegetables. Vermicomposted cattle manure, in
combinations with soil [0:100, 10:100, 20:100, and 30:100 (v/v)], was tested to determine how it affects growth, yield, and chemical characteristics of parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) in a greenhouse. Growth and yield parameters were measured at 60 days after sowing.

Results indicated that addition of vermicompost to soil increased plant height and numbers of leaves. Total yields and amounts of potassium,phosphorus, and total soluble solids were greater for parsley plants grown in the 10:100 combination.

Performance of tea waste as a peat alternative in casing materials for bottom mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (L.) Sing.) cultivation

In this study we describe the principal physical and chemical characteristics of different mixtures tea production waste and peat (100% tea waste, 75% tea waste + 25% peat, 50% tea waste + 50% peat, 25% tea waste + 75% peat, and 100% peat as control) as casing material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (L.) Sing.) cultivation. Of possible tea production waste mixture to the traditionally used peat, the treatment 25% tea waste + 75% peat is confirmed as the best because of its highest yield and number of mushrooms. Our results showed also that high EC, high organic matter content and low pH in casing material (100% tea production waste and 75% tea production waste + 25% peat) decreased the total yield but increased dry matter in mushrooms. High iron contents in casing mixtures gave a significant positive correlation with total yield.

However a mixture of tea production waste and peat is a practicable casing material for the North regions of Iran, where the peat casing is more expensive and hard to find when compared with the tea production waste.

بررسی اثر دگرآسیبی برگ خشک کاج روی جوانه¬زنی تعدادی از سبزیها

به منظور بررسی دگرآسیبی برگ خشک کاج (Pinus sylvestris) روی جوانه­زنی برخی از سبزیها آزمایشی در سال 1386 روی هفت نوع سبزی: گشنیز (Corianderum sativum)، تره (Allium ampeloprasum.)، ترب (Raphanus sativus.var..nigrum)، تربچه (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) شوید (Anethum graveolens)، ریحان (Ocimum tenuiflerum) و شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum) با چهار تیمار (صفر، 25، 50 و 100 درصد حجمی برگ خشک کاج) و سه تکرار در آزمایشگاه باغبانی دانشگاه گیلان به مرحله اجرا در آمد. نتایج نشان داد که مقادیر مختلف برگ خشک کاج می­تواند روی درصد جوانه­زنی، میانگین جوانه­زنی روزانه، ارزش جوانه­زنی، طول ساقه چه و ریشه چه سبزیهای مورد آزمایش تاثیر گذار باشد. مقایسه میانگین­ها حاکی از تاثیر منفی افزودن برگ خشک کاج بر صفات مورد نظر بوده است. در بین سبزیها تنها شنبلیله قادر به جوانه زنی، رشد مطلوب و سرعت طبیعی در بسترهای حاوی برگ خشک کاج بود.

Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

The effects of different amounts of vermicompost (0, 10, 20 and 30%) to sandy loam soil on growth, yield and chemical characteristics of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivar Virofly were investigated in an unheated greenhouse at the Horticultural Department the Guilan University, Rasht, Iran, during 2006 using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that an addition of vermicompost to soil can increase plant height and number of leaves significantly. Spinach leaves and roots were highest when fertilized with vermicompost and lowest when the
vermicompost was not supplied. The plants with 10% vermicompost added to soil gave significantly highest leaf area, potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, calcium and magnesium and nitrate-N in petioles and leaves, total soluble solids and microelements such as iron, copper, manganese and zinc.

Jamal-Ali Olfati-Chirani

جمالعلی الفتی چیرانی

jamalaliolfati2000@yahoo.ca

jamalaliolfati@gmail.com

بیوگرافی

متولد 2/7/1360 رشت
دیپلم علوم تجربی با معدل 92/17
مدرک پیش دانشگاهی علوم تجربی با معدل 32/18
لیسانس باغبانی با معدل کل 63/17
فوق لیسانس فیزیولوژی و اصلاح سبزی با معدل 52/18 و نمره عالی پایان نامه
دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی و اصلاح سبزی

فعالیتهای پژوهشی
مقالات فارسی
1-الفتی . ج. م. بابالار. ع. کاشی. 1387. اثر سطوح مختلف آمونیم و مولیبدن بر عملکرد و صفات کیفی خیار گلخانه­ای. پژوهش و
سازندگی. در دست چاپ
2- الفتی. ج. م. بابالار. ع. کاشی. ا. داداش پور. خ. شاهمرادی. 1387. اثرغلظت آمونیم و مولیبدن در محلول غذایی بر غلظت نیترات دردو رقم خیار گلخانه­ای. علوم و صنایع کشاورزی (ویژه باغبانی). 22(1): 69-77.
مقالات انگلیسی
1- Peyvast., Gh., M. Sedghi Moghaddam., and J.A. Olfati. 2007. Effect of municipal solid waste
compost on weed contrpl, yield and some quality indices of green pepper (capsicum
annuum L.). Biosciences, Biotechnology research asia (ISI). 4(2): 449-456.

2- Peyvast., Gh., J. Shahbodaghi., and J.A. Olfati. 2007. Performance of tea waste as a peat
alternative in casing materials for bottom mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (L.) Sing.)
cultivation. Biosciences, Biotechnology research asia (ISI). 4(2): 489-494.
3- Peyvast. Gh., J.A. Olfati., S. Madeni., and A. Forghani. 2008. Effect of vermicompost on the
growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture &
Environment(ISI) Vol.6 (1) : 110 - 113.
4- Peyvast. Gh., J.A. Olfati., P. Ramezani-kharazi., S. Tahernia and H. Shabani. 2008. Effect of
organic fertilizer on nitrate accumulation by vegetables. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol (ISI).
49(1): 58-62.
5- Peyvast Gh., J.A. Olfati., S. Madeni., A. Forghani., and H. Samizadeh. 2008. Vermicompost as a
soil supplement to improve growth and yield of parsley. International journal of vegetable
science. 14(2): 82-92.

6- Olfati. J.A., and Gh. Peyvast. 2008. Lawn Clippings for Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom.
International journal of vegetable science. 14(3):
7- Olfati. J.A., Gh. Peyvast., and Z. Nosrati-Rad. 2008. Organic mulching on carrot yield and quality.
International journal of vegetable science. 14(4): 362-368.
8- Noori Roudsari, O., Gh. Peyvast,., A.R. Alimousavi., P Ramezani Kharazi,. and J.A. Olfati. 2008.
Feasibility Decrease Use of Fertilizer on Greenhouse Cucumber Production in Soilless
Culture. Biosciences, Biotechnology research asia (ISI). 5(2):In press.
9- A. Norouzi, Gh. Peyvast and J.A. Olfati. 2008. Oilseed Rape straw for Cultivation of Oyster
Mushroom. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology. 2(3): 502-507.



کتابها
غ. پیوست و ج. الفتی چیرانی. 1386. پرورش پیشرفته قارچهای خوراکی(ترجمه). انتشارات دانش پذیر

مشاوره پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد

هادی شعبانی. 1388. اثر سطوح مختلف کمپوست ضایعات شهری بر میزان ترکیبات چند حلقوی آروماتیک و عملکرد بادمجان.